Grade 8 (Computer)

Lesson 1: COMPUTER OVERVIEW

a. What is the appropriate definition of a computer?

Answer: A computer is an electronic device that can store, process, and retrieve data. It is capable of performing various tasks based on the instructions given to it.

 

b. How would you differentiate between data and information?

Answer: Data refers to raw facts, figures, or symbols that have no meaning on their own. On the other hand, information is the processed and organized form of data that provides meaning, context, and usefulness to the user.

 

c. What are four features of a computer?

Four features of a computer are:

Speed: Computers work very quickly and can perform calculations and operations much faster than humans.

Multitasking: Computers are capable of performing multiple tasks simultaneously, allowing users to switch between different applications and processes.

Memory: Computers have the ability to store and retrieve large amounts of information quickly. They have both primary memory (RAM) and secondary memory (hard disk, solid-state drive) for storage purposes.

Accuracy: Computers consistently provide accurate results when given correct input. They minimize errors and can perform calculations with precision.


Test yourself 2.

a. What is meant by inputting and outputting?

Inputting refers to the process of providing data or instructions to a computer or a program. It involves feeding information into a computer system for processing or storage. Outputting, on the other hand, refers to the process of receiving and displaying or producing results or information from a computer or program. It involves retrieving and presenting processed or stored data to the user or another system.

 

b. Write any two merits of computers.

Speed and Efficiency: Computers can process vast amounts of data and perform complex calculations at incredible speeds. This enables quick and efficient data processing, analysis, and task execution, saving time and effort.

Storage and Retrieval: Computers have high storage capacity, allowing them to store vast amounts of information digitally. This makes data easily accessible and enables quick retrieval when needed, eliminating the need for physical storage and manual searching.

 

c. What type of computers are expected to be quantum computers?

Quantum computers are expected to be a new type of computer that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations. They use quantum bits, or qubits, as the basic unit of information, which can exist in superposition and entanglement. Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain problems exponentially faster than classical computers. However, quantum computers are still in the early stages of development and not yet widely available for practical use.

 

d. Write any four areas where computers are widely used these days.

Information Technology (IT): Computers are extensively used in IT industries for tasks such as software development, network administration, cybersecurity, and data management.

Finance and Banking: Computers play a vital role in financial transactions, electronic fund transfers, online banking, algorithmic trading, risk analysis, and financial modeling.

Healthcare: Computers are widely used in medical research, diagnosis, patient monitoring, electronic health records, medical imaging, and drug discovery.

 Education: Computers are essential in educational institutions for online learning, research, data analysis, virtual simulations, and multimedia presentations.

 

e. Write the advantages of quantum computers over classical computers. 

Advantages of quantum computers over classical computers include: 

Increased Processing Power: Quantum computers have the potential to solve certain complex problems exponentially faster than classical computers. This allows for more efficient computation in areas like cryptography, optimization, and simulation.

Quantum Parallelism: Quantum computers can process multiple possible solutions simultaneously through the concept of superposition. This enables faster exploration of solution spaces and potentially leads to breakthroughs in problem-solving.

 

f. Differentiate between bits and qubits.

Bits: In classical computing, a bit (short for binary digit) is the basic unit of information. It represents either a 0 or a 1, and it is the fundamental building block of classical digital information storage and processing.

Qubits: In quantum computing, a qubit (short for quantum bit) is the basic unit of information. Unlike classical bits, qubits can exist in a superposition of both 0 and 1 simultaneously, thanks to the principles of quantum mechanics. This property allows quantum computers to perform computations in parallel and potentially solve certain problems more efficiently.

 

3. True or False.

a. False

b. False

c. True

d. False

e. False

 

4. Full forms:

a. CPU - Central Processing Unit

b. AR - Augmented Reality

c. CU - Control Unit

d. ML - Machine Learning

e. ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit

 

 

5. Discuss the basic operation of computer with suitable diagram.
Answer:
The Basic Operation of a Computer:

A computer performs a series of basic operations to execute tasks. These operations can be summarized as follows:

 

Input: The computer receives data or instructions from input devices such as keyboards, mice, scanners, or sensors. This input can be in the form of text, numbers, images, or any other digital format.

 

Processing: The central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for processing the input data. It performs arithmetic and logical operations, controls the flow of data, and manages the computer's internal functions. The CPU fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes them to perform calculations or manipulate data.

 

Storage: Computers have different types of storage devices to store data temporarily or permanently. The primary storage, known as random-access memory (RAM), holds data and instructions that are currently being used by the CPU. Secondary storage devices, such as hard drives or solid-state drives, provide long-term storage for programs, files, and operating systems.

 

Output: Once the processing is complete, the computer delivers the results through output devices like monitors, printers, speakers, or actuators. This output can be in the form of text, images, sounds, or any other format suitable for human consumption or further processing.

 

Here is a simplified diagram illustrating the basic operation of a computer:
         +----------------+

Input -> |   Processing   | -> Output

         |    (CPU)       |

         +----------------+

             |    |

         +----------------+

         |    Storage     |

         +----------------+

 

6. Explain the uses of computers in various sectors.
Answer: Uses of Computers in Various Sectors:

Computers have become indispensable in various sectors due to their versatility and ability to streamline processes. Here are some examples:

 

a. Business and Finance: Computers are used for accounting, payroll processing, inventory management, data analysis, financial modeling, online banking, and electronic transactions.

 

b. Education: Computers are utilized for research, online learning, educational simulations, interactive multimedia, administrative tasks, and student performance tracking.

 

c. Healthcare: Computers aid in medical research, patient record management, diagnostic imaging, monitoring systems, drug development, telemedicine, and robotic surgeries.

 

d. Communication and Networking: Computers power email communication, video conferencing, social media, online collaboration tools, network infrastructure management, and data transfer over the internet.

 

e. Entertainment: Computers enable video and audio production, gaming, animation, virtual reality experiences, digital art, music composition, and content streaming.

 

f. Transportation: Computers are integral to traffic management, navigation systems, airline reservations, cargo tracking, autonomous vehicles, and logistics optimization.

 

g. Scientific Research: Computers assist in complex simulations, data analysis, modeling, genetic research, climate studies, drug discovery, and particle physics experiments.

 

7. Discuss the major components of quantum computers.
Answer: Major Components of Quantum Computers:

Quantum computers leverage the principles of quantum mechanics to perform complex computations. While traditional computers use bits to represent information as either 0 or 1, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously. Here are the major components of quantum computers:

 

a. Qubits: Qubits are the fundamental building blocks of quantum computers. They are quantum systems capable of representing and manipulating quantum information. Qubits exploit quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement to perform computations on a massive scale.

 

b. Quantum Gates: Quantum gates are analogous to classical logic gates and are used to manipulate qubits. They perform operations such as quantum entanglement, superposition, and quantum measurement, allowing for the execution of quantum algorithms.

 

c. Quantum Register: A quantum register is a collection of qubits that work together to perform computations. It acts as the primary storage for quantum information during a computation.

 

d. Quantum Circuits: Quantum circuits are composed of quantum gates and quantum

Lesson 2:
Write short answer of the following questions.

a. What is abacus? When was it developed initially?

Answer: An abacus is a mechanical counting device based on the relative positions of beads moving on parallel strings. It was initially developed before 2500 to 3000 BC.

 

b. What is Pascaline? Who developed it?

Answer: The Pascaline is the first calculator designed and built by the French mathematician Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644.

 

c. Who is known as father of computer science and why?

Answer: Charles Babbage is known as the father of computer science because of his invention and concept of the Analytical Engine in 1833, which is considered the first general-purpose mechanical computer.

 

d. How could tabulating machine read census information?

Answer: Tabulating machines, specifically the one invented by Dr. Herman Hollerith in 1887, could read census information that had been punched onto cards, allowing for rapid tabulation of statistics from millions of pieces of data.

 

 

Write short answer of the following questions.

a. Write common features of Mark-I.

Answer: The Mark I, the first electromechanical computer, designed by Professor Howard Aiken and built by IBM, had the following common features:

 

       i.          It consisted of adding machines linked together to perform calculations.

     ii.          It was 51 feet long, weighed five tons, and used paper tape for input and typewriters for output.

   iii.          It included more than 750,000 parts and consumed a lot of electricity.

   iv.          The Mark I could operate for hours without intervention.

 

b. What is ENIAC? Who developed it?

Answer: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was developed by John William Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. ENIAC was built in 1946 and used almost 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing more than 30 tons. It occupied a space of roughly 8 by 3 by 100 feet and consumed 150 KW of power. ENIAC was used by the US Army until 1955.

 

c. Write the major properties of EDSAC.

Answer: EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), developed at Cambridge University by Professor Maurice Wilkes in 1949, had the following major properties:

Ø  It was the first stored program computer.

Ø  EDSAC used 3,000 vacuum tubes and operated on 30 KW of electricity.

Ø  The computer had the ability to add two numbers in 1500 microseconds.

Ø  Programs were input into EDSAC using paper tape, and the output results were passed to a tele-printer.

 

d. What type of computer was UNIVAC? When was it developed?

Answer: UNIVAC-I (Universal Automatic Computer -I) was the first commercial computer and the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly in 1951. UNIVAC-I used magnetic tape for data input and output, and it employed 5,200 vacuum tubes for data processing. The machine was 25 feet by 50 feet in size and contained 5,600 vacuum tubes, 18,000 crystal diodes, and 300 relays.

 

 

Write short answer of the following questions.

a. What is meant by computer generation?

Computer generation refers to the different stages or periods of technological advancements in computers. Each generation represents a significant improvement in performance, size, cost, and capabilities compared to the previous generation.

 

b. Write two advantages of third generation computers over second generation computers.

Two advantages of third-generation computers over second-generation computers are:

Ø Smaller Size: Third-generation computers were smaller and more compact compared to their predecessors. This made them more space-efficient and easier to manage and maintain.

Ø Increased Speed and Efficiency: Third-generation computers utilized integrated circuits (ICs), which improved their speed and efficiency. The use of ICs allowed for faster processing and enhanced overall performance.

c. What are the limitations of first-generation computer? List any two of them.

Two limitations of first-generation computers were:

·       Size and Cost: First-generation computers were large in size, often occupying entire rooms, and were expensive to produce and maintain. Their size and cost made them accessible only to a limited number of organizations and institutions.

·       Reliability and Maintenance: Vacuum tubes used in first-generation computers were prone to frequent failures and required regular maintenance. The computers generated a significant amount of heat and consumed a considerable amount of electricity, leading to reliability issues and the need for constant attention and cooling.

 

d. Write the common features of fourth-generation computers.

Common features of fourth-generation computers include:

Microprocessors: Fourth-generation computers utilized microprocessors, which integrated thousands of integrated circuits (ICs) onto a single silicon chip. This advancement led to smaller size, increased processing power, and improved energy efficiency.

 

Graphical User Interface (GUI): Fourth-generation computers introduced GUI, allowing users to interact with the computer using graphical icons and a mouse. GUI made computers more user-friendly and accessible to a broader audience.

High-level Languages: More advanced high-level programming languages were developed in the fourth generation, such as Pascal. These languages made programming easier and more efficient, enabling the development of complex software applications.

 

Networking Capabilities: Fourth-generation computers could be connected together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Networking capabilities facilitated the sharing of resources and data among multiple computers.

 

 

Write very short answers to the following questions.

 

a. Which was the first microprocessor?

The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004.

 

b. Write the name of inventors of Napier's bone.

John Napier is the inventor of Napier's bones.

 

c. Which technology was used in second generation computer?

Transistors were used in second-generation computers.

 

d. Which was the first commercial computer?

The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first commercial computer.

 

e. Who is considered as the first computer programmer?

Ada Lovelace is considered the first computer programmer.

 

f. Who invented vacuum tube?

The vacuum tube was invented by Lee De Forest.

 

g. What type of device is a slide rule?

A slide rule is a mechanical calculating device.

 

h. Which is the first computer brought to Nepal?

The IBM 1401 was the first computer brought to Nepal.

 

i. Which calculator was used for the census of 2018 B.S.?

The Monroe calculator was used for the census of 2018 B.S.

 

j. Which generation did the ICL2950/10 computer belong to?

The ICL2950/10 computer belonged to the third generation.

 

k. Which is the first Internet Service Provider company of Nepal?

WorldLink is the first Internet Service Provider company in Nepal.

 

l. Who led the High-Level Commission for Information Technology of Nepal?

Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya (MPP) led the High-Level Commission for Information Technology of Nepal.

 

m. When was the Computer Association Nepal (CAN) established?

The Computer Association Nepal (CAN) was established in 1992.

 

n. Which earlier main component was replaced by the transistor?

Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors.

 

o. Which technology is/will be used in fifth-generation computers?

Fifth-generation computers will use biochip and superconductor technology.

 

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

a. Slide rule developed by William Oughtred was a mechanical calculating device.

b. ENIAC is an example of a first-generation computer.

c. Analytical engine was programmed using punched cards.

d. IBM 1401 was the first computer brought in Nepal.

e. Fifth generation computer can understand natural language also.

 

Full forms:

a. AI - Artificial Intelligence

b. ABC - Atanasoff-Berry Computer

c. EDSAC - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

d. UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer

e. IC - Integrated Circuit

 

a. Explain the mechanical computing devices in brief.

Mechanical computing devices refer to early calculating devices that were operated manually and used mechanical components to perform mathematical calculations. Some notable examples of mechanical computing devices include:

 

The Abacus: Developed around 2500 to 3000 BC, the abacus is a simple mechanical counting device consisting of beads on parallel strings. It allows counting from 1 to 5 on one set of beads and has two beads per string on the second set. The abacus is still used in some parts of the world today.

 

The Napier's Bone: Invented in 1617 by mathematician John Napier, the Napier's Bone is a multiplication tool. It consists of vertical rods divided into squares, with the top square containing a digit and the remaining squares containing multiples of that digit. The device facilitated multiplication calculations.

 

Slide Rules: Developed by William Oughtred in 1620, slide rules are mechanical analog computing devices primarily used for multiplication, division, and scientific functions like roots, logarithms, and trigonometry. Slide rules were commonly used in science and engineering.

 

Pascaline: Designed by Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644, the Pascaline was the first calculator. It could perform addition and subtraction through the manipulation of dials on wheels, and it was initially created for Pascal's father, a tax controller. The Pascaline is considered the first business machine.

 

Stepped Reckoner: Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694, the Stepped Reckoner was a mechanical calculator capable of performing all four arithmetic operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square roots.

 

Jacquard's Loom: Invented by Joseph Marry Jacquard in 1801, the Jacquard's Loom was a mechanical loom attachment that used punch cards to instruct the loom on creating complex textiles. The punch cards represented binary operations and enabled the production of intricate textile patterns.

 

Difference Engine: The Difference Engine, first developed by Charles Babbage in 1822, was a mechanical calculating device capable of computing sets of numbers and making hard copies of the results. It could evaluate algebraic expressions and mathematical and statistical tables, although a full-scale functional version was never completed due to funding constraints.

 

Analytical Engine: Designed by Charles Babbage in 1833, the Analytical Engine is considered the concept for the first general-purpose mechanical computer. It featured an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), punch card programming, integrated memory, and a printing device. The Analytical Engine used the binary number system and is regarded as the precursor to modern computers.

 

These mechanical computing devices played a significant role in the development of computing technologies, paving the way for the electronic computers that followed.

 

b. Discuss the evolution of the computer in terms of computer generations.

 

The evolution of computers can be categorized into five generations, each representing a distinct phase of technological advancements. Here is a summary of each computer generation:

 

First Generation Computers (1945-1954):

·       Technology: Vacuum Tubes

·       Characteristics: These computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. They were large, expensive to operate, consumed significant power, and generated a lot of heat. Input was through punched cards, and output was displayed on printouts. Examples include UNIVAC and ENIAC.

 

Second Generation Computers (1955-1964):

·       Technology: Transistors

·       Characteristics: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller, faster, cheaper, and more reliable computers. Punched cards remained the primary input method, but assembly languages and early high-level programming languages became available. Magnetic core memory was introduced, providing faster and more reliable storage. Examples include IBM 1401 and DEC PDP-1.

 

Third Generation Computers (1965-1974):

·       Technology: Integrated Circuits (ICs)

·       Characteristics: Integrated circuits replaced individual transistors, resulting in even smaller and more powerful computers. The development of ICs led to significant improvements in speed, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Operating systems and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL became more widely used. Examples include IBM System/360 and DEC PDP-11.

 

Fourth Generation Computers (1975-1990):

·       Technology: Microprocessors

·       Characteristics: The invention of microprocessors brought computing power to the individual user. Microprocessors combined the CPU (Central Processing Unit) onto a single chip, making computers more affordable, compact, and accessible. Personal computers (PCs) became popular, and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) were introduced. Storage capacity increased with the advent of hard disk drives. Examples include IBM PC, Apple Macintosh, and Commodore 64.

 

Fifth Generation Computers (1991-Present):

·       Technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Parallel Processing

·       Characteristics: The fifth generation of computers focused on advanced technologies like AI, parallel processing, and natural language processing. Supercomputers and high-performance computing became more prevalent, allowing complex simulations and data analysis. The internet revolutionized communication and led to the development of the World Wide Web. Smaller and more powerful devices, such as smartphones and tablets, emerged. Examples include modern supercomputers, smartphones, and laptops.

It's important to note that these generations are not rigid boundaries, and advancements continue to occur within each generation. Additionally, the concept of generations is a simplification to understand the major shifts in computer technology, and there is ongoing development and research beyond the fifth generation.

Number System

a. How is the number system represented?

Answer: The number system is represented using digits or symbols that are used to express quantities or values.

b. How many types of number system are supported by computer architecture?

Answer: There are several types of number systems supported by computer architecture, including binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal.

c. What are the digits used by the binary number system?

Answer: The binary number system uses the digits 0 and 1.

d. Which number system is used in our daily life?

Answer: The decimal number system (base 10) is commonly used in our daily life.

e. What is the binary addition result of 1 + 1 + 1?

Answer: The binary addition result of 1 + 1 + 1 is 11 (carry 1, sum 1).

f. How are data represented by digital computers?

Answer: Data is represented by digital computers using binary digits (0s and 1s), which can be interpreted as different types of information such as numbers, characters, or instructions.

g. What is the smallest unit of a digital computer called?

Answer: The smallest unit of a digital computer is called a bit (binary digit).

h. What is the full form of ASCII?

Answer: ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

i. Which data representation code is called the full extended BCD?

Answer: The full extended BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal) is not commonly used or known as a specific data representation code. BCD typically refers to the representation of decimal digits using binary bits.

j. What is the international character encoding system for text?

Answer: The international character encoding system for text is Unicode.

Types of computer.

1. Answer the following questions.

a. What type of computers are called general-purpose computers?

Answer: General-purpose computers are designed to perform a range of tasks and can accomplish various functions and operations.

b. Differentiate between analog and digital computers.

Answer:

Analog Computers:

• Generate analog signals.
• Special purpose computers.
• Work on continuous data.
• Have low accuracy.

Digital Computers:

• Generate digital signals.
• General purpose computers.
• Work on discontinuous data.
• Have high accuracy.

c. Why are hybrid computers known as the combination of analog and digital computers?

Answer: Hybrid computers are known as the combination of analog and digital computers because they can handle both continuous analog data and discrete digital data. 

2. Answer the following questions:

a. Define supercomputer with examples.

Answer: Supercomputers are the fastest, largest, and costliest computers available. They are used for specific applications such as weather forecasting, aircraft design, and nuclear research. Examples of supercomputers include CRAY-l and ETA-10.

b. Write the common features of mainframe computers.

Answer: Common features of mainframe computers include their use in large-scale computer systems for information processing in business organizations. They have an advanced control system, can connect with multiple input/output units, and can link with minicomputers for additional computing power. Examples of mainframe computers are IBM 4300, Honeywell 700 series, and NCR 800 series.

c. Differentiate between mini and microcomputers.

Answer:

Mini Computers:

• Medium-sized computers used in business fields.
• Ideal for decentralized data processing.
• Smaller than mainframe computers.
• Speed is usually from 10 MIPS onward.
• RAM is from 2 MB onward.
• Examples: VAX, PDP-II.

Micro Computers:

• General-purpose personal computers.
• Used in homes, schools, banks, and offices.
• Limited memory and speed, but cost-effective.
• Mostly used as single-user systems.
• Speed is usually counted in MHz.
• Examples: Desktop computers, laptop computers, notebook computers, mobile computers.

d. Why are mobile computers popular these days?

Answer: Mobile computers are popular these days because they are small, lightweight, and portable. They provide wireless Internet access and are convenient for on-the-go usage. They include devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, allowing easy access to information and connectivity from anywhere.

3. Answer the following questions:

a. What is IBM Personal Computers?

Answer: IBM Personal Computers (IBM PCs) are computers developed by the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). These computers use technology designed by IBM engineers and are known for their reliability, durability, and quality.

b. Differentiate between IBM PC and IBM compatible computers.

Answer:

IBM PC:

• Original and branded computers from IBM Company.
• More expensive than IBM compatible computers.
• Use original and genuine software.
• More reliable than IBM compatible computers.

IBM Compatible computers:

• Developed by companies other than IBM using IBM PC technology.
• Have the same functional and operational characteristics as IBM PCs.
• Cheaper than IBM PCs.
• Use genuine and pirated software.

c. Why are other brands' computers more popular these days?

Answer: Other brands' computers are more popular these days because people choose brands based on their interests, budget, and purpose. Brands like Dell, Acer, HP, Macintosh, and Lenovo offer portable, powerful, fast, reliable, and economically viable computers. These computers support modern technologies, networking, internet connectivity, audio, video, and cloud storage.

d. What is mobile computing? Write any two latest mobile devices.

Answer: Mobile computing refers to the ability to use technology while on the move, as opposed to being stationary. It involves using portable devices with mobile hardware and software to access data and information from anywhere. Two latest mobile devices are smartphones and tablet computers like the iPad/Tablet.

e. Write any two features of mobile computing.

Answer:

• Support for all communication protocols and networks: Mobile devices should be able to support various communication protocols and networks, allowing seamless connectivity globally without network issues.
• Clear and responsive display: Mobile devices have clear and responsive displays that can adapt to environmental changes, providing a user-friendly interface for interacting with applications and content.

4. Write very short answer of the following questions:
a. Is digital computer a general-purpose computer?

Answer: Yes.

b. Where are supercomputers mainly used?

Answer: Supercomputers are mainly used in applications such as weather forecasting, aircraft design, and nuclear research.

c. Which computer is a duplicate of IBM?

Answer: IBM compatible computers.

d. Which computer is small enough to hold in a palm?

Answer: Mobile device/smartphone.

e. Write any two brand names of computers beside IBM and Macintosh.

Answer: Dell and HP.

CYBER CRIMES AND CYBER LAW

Short answer questions:
a. What is cyberspace? How is it imagined up of?

Cyberspace is a virtual world that exists on the internet. It is made up of interconnected computer networks that allow people to communicate and share information. Cyberspace is imagined up of a large network of computers that are connected to each other through the internet.

b. Define the term cybercrime with any two common examples.

Cybercrime is a crime that is committed using a computer or a network. It can involve hacking, identity theft, fraud, child pornography, and other illegal activities. Some common examples of cybercrime include:

• Hacking: This is the unauthorized access of a computer system or network. Hackers can use this access to steal data, install malware, or disrupt operations.
• Identity theft: This is the stealing of someone's personal information, such as their name, Social Security number, or credit card number. This information can then be used to commit fraud or other crimes.
• Fraud: This is the use of deception to obtain something, such as money or property. Cyber fraud can involve phishing, which is sending emails that appear to be from a legitimate source in order to trick the recipient into giving up personal information.
• Child pornography: This is the possession or distribution of images or videos of child sexual abuse.
  

c. What is the difference between hacking and cracking?

Hacking is the process of gaining unauthorized access to a computer system or network. Cracking is the process of bypassing security measures in order to gain access to a computer system or network. The main difference between hacking and cracking is that hacking is typically done for malicious purposes, while cracking is typically done for technical reasons.

d. Write any two preventive measures from cybercrime?

Here are two preventive measures from cybercrime:

• Use strong passwords and keep them safe. A strong password is at least 12 characters long and includes a combination of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols. You should also never reuse passwords across different accounts.
• Be careful about what information you share online. Don't share your personal information, such as your Social Security number or credit card number, with anyone you don't know and trust. You should also be careful about what information you post on social media.

Short answer questions:

a. What is cyber law? When was the recent cyber law of Nepal introduced?

Answer: Cyber law refers to the area of law that deals with legal issues related to the Internet, technology, and electronic elements. The recent cyber law of Nepal, known as the Electronic Transaction Act (ETA), was introduced in 2061 BS and revised in 2063 BS.

b. What is meant by the term digital signature?

Answer: The term "digital signature" refers to a digital technique used to validate the authenticity and integrity of a message, software, or digital document. It ensures that the origin, identity, and status of the electronic content are secure and can provide evidence of informed consent by the signer.

c. Why is cyber law necessary for our country?

Answer: Cyber law is necessary for our country to protect individuals and organizations from cybercriminal activities, ensure the security of online transactions and communications, safeguard intellectual property, and establish regulations for digital activities. It helps prevent and address cybercrime, ensuring safe and ethical online interactions.

d. What are the major areas covered by the cyber law of Nepal?

Answer: The major areas covered by the cyber law of Nepal (Electronic Transaction Act) include digital signature, copyright, data protection, and patent rights. These areas address issues related to the authenticity of electronic content, protection of intellectual property, privacy of personal information, and exclusive rights for inventions.

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

a. What is necessary to control cybercrimes?

Awareness and education are necessary to control cybercrimes. 

b. When was cyber law of Nepal released for the first time?

The cyber law of Nepal was released for the first time in 2061 BS (2004 AD). It was revised in 2063 BS (2006 AD).

c. How many sections and clauses are there in cyber law of Nepal?

The cyber law of Nepal has 12 sections and 80 clauses.

d. Are computer crimes, helping to improve national economy?

No, computer crimes are not helping to improve the national economy. In fact, they are costing the economy billions of dollars each year. Cybercrime can disrupt businesses, steal data, and damage reputations. It can also lead to financial losses and job losses.

Fill in the blanks with correct word.

a. Cyberspace is the virtual space created using computer and Internet.

b. The process of altering software is known as hacking.

c. Phishing and pharming are the cyber crimes related to each other.

d. The cyber law of Nepal is also known as the Electronic Transaction Act (ETA).

Match the following:

Group A	Group B
Digital signature	Authentication of digital documents
Copyright	Right of creative work
Data protection	Exclusive right
Patent right	Prohibits misuse of information

Write suitable technical term for the following statements.
a. The virtual space created using modern digital technology.

Cyberspace

b. An illegal use of copyrighted software.

Software piracy

c. The process of illegally copying, storing and distributing sexually explicit videos.

Pornography

d. The authorized law which regulates the cyber society.

Cyber law

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

5. Explain the various cybercrimes which are increasing in our digital society.

Cybercrime is a growing problem in our digital society. Some of the various types of cybercrimes that are increasing are:

• Hacking: illegally accessing someone's computer or network to steal personal or sensitive information.
• Piracy: illegally using copyrighted software.
• Pornography: illegally copying, storing, and distributing sexually explicit videos and photographs.
• Phishing: tricking people into giving up their personal information through fake emails or websites.
• Identity theft: stealing someone's personal information to access existing accounts or make purchases with their credit cards.
• Tech support scams: cybercriminals send fake tech support messages to gain access to victims' computers and steal their personal information.

ICT and Modern Technology

Write short answer to the following questions:

a. What is Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)? What does it include?

Answer: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) refer to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. It includes various technologies such as the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers, software, middleware, video conferencing, social networking, and other media

b. Write the importance of ICT in today's world.

Answer: The importance of ICT in today's world is immense. It enhances productivity, facilitates research, and saves time. It allows us to access information, communicate with others globally, and perform tasks more efficiently. ICT is integral to daily life, from reading news online to staying connected with family and colleagues through email, video conferencing, and more.

c. What is meant by an ICT system?

Answer: An ICT system refers to a set-up consisting of hardware, software, data, and the people who use them. It includes communication technology, such as the internet, and is not limited to just computers. The components of an ICT system are:

• People: Users or operators who supply data to the ICT system.
• Information: The output or results from processing data in the ICT system.
• Hardware: Physical components that make up the ICT system.
• Procedures: Determine what needs to be done and when.
• Software: Computer programs that enable the functioning of the ICT system.
• Data: The raw material used by the ICT system

d. What are four uses of ICT in different fields?

Answer: Four uses of ICT in different fields include:

• ICT in Education: ICT tools are used in education to enhance learning, provide access to educational resources, and facilitate remote learning.
• ICT in Business: ICT is used in business for tasks such as data management, communication, automation, and online transactions, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.
• ICT in Communication: ICT enables various communication channels like email, messaging apps, video conferencing, and social media, making communication faster and more convenient.
• ICT in Agriculture: ICT is used in agriculture, also known as e-agriculture, to develop innovative ways to use technology in farming practices, data collection, and agricultural management.
• ICT in Transportation: ICT influences mobility, travel choices, and transportation experiences, with technologies like GPS trackers enhancing public transport services.

Computer Ethics

a. Define computer ethics in your own words.

Answer: Computer ethics refers to the set of moral principles and practices that guide individuals and groups in using computing technology and related disciplines in a way that upholds moral values and respects the beliefs of individuals, organizations, and entities. It involves using computers responsibly and without causing harm.

b. Write any four commandments of computer ethics for ICT user.

Answer: Four commandments of computer ethics for ICT users are:

• Do not use a computer to harm others.
• Do not interfere with others' computer work.
• Do not invade other people's computer files without permission.
• Do not use a computer to steal data, information, or software.
  

c. What is meant by artificial intelligence?

Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to a set of technologies that empower computers to perform advanced functions such as understanding spoken and written language, analyzing data, making recommendations, and more. It aims to mimic human-like cognitive processes and decision-making using algorithms and machine learning.

d. Write the components of Robotics.

Answer: The components of Robotics include:

• Mechanical Structure: The physical body of the robot.
• Actuators: Components that provide movement, like motors or servos.
• Sensors: Devices that gather data from the robot's environment.
• Controllers: Processing units that interpret sensor data and control actions.
• Power Supply: Source of energy to operate the robot.
  

e. Write any four popular social networking sites.

Answer: Four popular social networking sites are:

• Facebook
• Twitter
• Snapchat
• TikTok
  

f. Write the application of Internet of Things.

Answer: The Internet of Things (IoT) has applications in various fields, including:

• Smart Homes: Control and monitor appliances remotely.
• Industrial IoT: Enhance efficiency and safety in manufacturing processes.
• Healthcare: Remote patient monitoring and data collection.
• Agriculture: Smart farming techniques using sensors and data analysis.
• Smart Cities: Improve urban services and infrastructure management.

1.  Write very short answer of the following questions.
a. Can we separate ICT from our daily needs?

No, we cannot separate ICT from our daily needs.

b. What is software as an ICT element?

Software is a component of ICT that refers to computer programs that enable users to perform specific tasks on a computer or other electronic device.

c. Can we use ICT in agriculture?

Yes, we can use ICT in agriculture. It offers a wide range of solutions to agricultural challenges and has already led to diverse types of innovations in the agriculture sector.

d. Which issues of computer ethics is concerned about the technological division in society?

The issue of computer ethics concerned about the technological division in society is the digital divide, which refers to the gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not.

e. Write the full form of ICT.

ICT stands for Information and Communication Technologies.

2. State whether the following statements are True or False.
a. ICT is the combined form of IT and Television. False

b. ICT in business can be used to save money also. True

c. We should always ask other's Wi-Fi password. False

d. Computer ethics deals with the moral principles of computer users. True

3. Match the following groups.

Group A	Group B
a. Data	Raw facts
b. Procedure	Methods
c. People	User
d. Information	Output

4. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Explain different application areas of ICT in the modern digital society.

Answer: In the modern digital society, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has various application areas that have transformed the way we live, work, and communicate. Here are some of the key application areas of ICT:

1. E-commerce: ICT has revolutionized the way we buy and sell goods and services. Online platforms and websites enable businesses to conduct transactions electronically, allowing consumers to shop conveniently from anywhere and at any time.
   
2. E-governance: ICT plays a crucial role in improving the delivery of government services to citizens. Online portals and platforms enable citizens to access government services, submit applications, pay taxes, and participate in governance processes more efficiently.
   
3. Banking: ICT has transformed the banking sector, making financial services more accessible and convenient. Online banking platforms and mobile applications allow customers to perform various transactions, such as checking account balances, transferring funds, and paying bills, without visiting a physical bank branch.
   
4. Education: ICT has revolutionized the education sector by providing access to online learning platforms, digital resources, and interactive tools. It enables distance learning, e-learning, and virtual classrooms, making education more accessible and flexible for students of all ages.
   
5. Healthcare: ICT has had a significant impact on the healthcare sector. Electronic health records (EHRs) enable healthcare providers to store and access patient information digitally, improving the efficiency and accuracy of healthcare services. Telemedicine allows remote consultations and diagnoses, enabling patients to receive medical advice and treatment without visiting a healthcare facility physically.
   
6. Agriculture: ICT, known as e-agriculture, is transforming the agricultural sector. Farmers can access weather information, market prices, and agricultural best practices through mobile applications and online platforms. Remote sensing technologies and IoT devices enable precision farming and monitoring of crops and livestock.
   
7. Communication: ICT has revolutionized communication, enabling instant and global connectivity. Email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media platforms have transformed the way we communicate and collaborate with others, regardless of geographical boundaries.
   
8. Transportation: ICT has had a significant impact on transportation systems. GPS technology enables accurate navigation and real-time traffic updates. Smart transportation systems use ICT to optimize traffic flow, manage public transportation networks, and enhance the overall travel experience.
   

These are just a few examples of how ICT is applied in various sectors of modern digital society. ICT continues to evolve and shape our lives, making processes more efficient, improving access to information and services, and connecting people across the globe.